Flaky Elephant Ears

Flaky Elephant Ears Recipe: Perfect Puff Pastry!

Indulge in Our Ready To Eat Flaky Desserts | Fast Delivery to Your Door!
Melt-In-Your-Mouth Goodness Of These Flaky Desserts Delivered Fast Right to Your Door Baklava, Flaky Rugelah, Italian Pastries & Bakery Cookies, Great Gifts or Simply Enjoy!
Gourmet Bakery Gift Box
Flaky Fruit Filled Rugelah Gift Box Great Gift for Holidays, Birthday parties, Get Well Wishes & Condolence Bereavement Wishes.
Old Fashioned Fresh Bakery Pastry Signature Gift Basket Features Whoopie Pies. Old Fashioned Fresh Bakery Pastry.

Embark on a culinary journey to the heart of France with this easy elephant ears recipe that will teach you to create Flaky Elephant Ears synonymous with the charm of French pâtisseries. This effortless recipe brings home the essence of cinnamon sugar pastry, delivering a dessert that is as delightful to look at as it is to devour. Whether you’re a novice or an experienced baker, the promise of a flaky pastry recipe that yields crispy pastry joys ensures that your baking endeavor is both satisfying and successful. Here’s an ode to tradition with a twist of simplicity, perfect for anyone looking to master the art of the classic French pastry.

Key Takeaways

  • Discover the simplicity of creating French pastry at home with a recipe for flaky elephant ears.
  • Benefit from a flaky pastry recipe that needs minimal ingredients and yields maximum flavor.
  • Learn the secret to making crispy, sugar-caramelized pastry that’s perfect for any occasion.
  • Embrace the art of French baking with an easy elephant ears recipe that’s both quick and foolproof.
  • Create an aromatic treat that combines the warmth of cinnamon with the sweetness of sugar.
  • Experience the satisfaction of baking a classic French pastry that’s crispy, flaky, and utterly delicious.

The Allure of Flaky Elephant Ears: An Introduction

The artistry of French pastry is nowhere more evident than in the creation of homemade elephant ears, a confection that marries the opulence of butter with the simplicity of sugar. Over the centuries, these flaky marvels have danced out of French bakeries and into the hearts of dessert lovers worldwide, becoming a beloved classic dessert recipe.

A Brief History of Flaky Elephant Ears

Known as ‘palmiers’ in their native land of France, these pastries boast an origin as layered as their namesake leaves. Flaky Elephant Ears have elegantly unfurled through time to characterize the French concept of a Viennoiserie, emerging as a staple in the repertoire of pastry chefs and home bakers alike.

Why This Dessert Captures Hearts

Perhaps it is the way they flake tenderly at the touch, or the caramelized sugar that shatters delightfully with each bite—flaky elephant ears are a testament to the pleasure simple ingredients can provide when executed with skill. This dessert’s ability to transcend cultural and culinary boundaries cements its status as a treat that’s perennially in vogue.

Gathering the Essentials: Ingredients List

Embarking on the journey to create the iconic elephant ears dessert begins with assembling a small but mighty array of ingredients. A classic in the realm of French confections, the flaky delicacy known as Elephant Ears commands the stage with minimal components, each playing a pivotal role in the pastry’s irresistible allure. Essential to the pastry chef’s arsenal are a few key items, which, when combined with skill and care, blossom into the delectable treat that is both light to the palate and rich in history.

At the heart of the recipe for Flaky Elephant Ears, one finds puff pastry—the architect behind the layers that give this dessert its characteristic texture. To ensure the success of your baking endeavor, it’s important to choose quality puff pastry, which promises to puff elegantly into tender leaves under the right temperature.

Complementing the puff pastry’s buttery notes is granulated sugar, whose crystals will caramelize into a golden sheen, providing that addictive crunch. The judicious application of this sweet element is not to be underestimated, as it forms the caramelized base that sets the pastry apart.

The final touch, cinnamon, infuses the treat with its warm, fragrant aroma, making each bite a harmonious symphony of spice and sweetness. The selection of this spice should be thoughtful, as it can transform the simple sugar coating into an aromatic wonder.

  • Puff Pastry: The canvas for your culinary creation
  • Granulated Sugar: Essential for sweetness and caramelization
  • Cinnamon: An aromatic spice that elevates the flavor profile

With these few ingredients, bakers ready themselves to craft an elephant ears dessert that is as authentic as it is beloved. Generously applying these key components will yield a pastry that stays true to its namesake—a testament to the delight of flavor crafted from simplicity.

Preparation: The First Steps to Perfect Pastry

The foundation of any successful homemade pastry preparation, especially when learning how to make Flaky Elephant Ears, begins with readying the puff pastry and your workspace. For those stepping into the realm of baking this delightful treat, following these preliminary steps will ensure that your pastry has the perfect texture and structure.

Homemade Pastry Preparation

Thawing Your Puff Pastry

Before embarking on your Flaky Elephant Ears adventure, it’s essential to start with properly thawed puff pastry. This critical early phase plays a tremendous role in determining the dough’s pliability and your ultimate success. Unfolding a sheet of cold, yet malleable puff pastry is the sensory signal that your baking journey is off to an auspicious start.

Preparing Your Workstation

Once your puff pastry is thawed, the next step in crafting Flaky Elephant Ears is to prepare your workstation. This is where the sweet magic begins to take shape, literally. A sugared surface not only prevents sticking during rolling but also commences the caramelization process that is pivotal to achieving that golden, crispy texture synonymous with this classic pastry. So scatter that granulated sugar with a generous hand, and expect a little sprinkle of joy as you transition into the art of rolling and shaping.

Note: A well-prepared workstation is your best ally in homemade pastry preparation, promising a delightful experience and delicious results.

Creating the Signature Spiral: Rolling Technique

The journey to crafting the iconic spiral shape of Flaky Elephant Ears starts with rolling puff pastry for elephant ears. True to the traditions of French baking, this crucial step is not just about visual appeal but also about flavor and texture. A water wash, followed by a generous sprinkle of cinnamon, not only imparts a rich flavor but also assists in creating the layers that make elephant ears a staple in French confectionery.

Once the layers of puff pastry are pliable and well-seasoned with cinnamon, the rolling technique takes center stage. This is where precision and artistry combine to create a coil that will later unfold into the flaky, sugary treat we all adore. It is this initial roll that ensures each layer will bake into a distinct portion of the spiral, offering a bite that is crisp, sugary, and irresistibly flaky.

A good roll leads to a great spiral – the soul of every Flaky Elephant Ear.

For the home baker seeking to create this delightful dessert, visualizing each layer as a future crispy edge can be incredibly helpful. Here’s a step-by-step guide to achieve the ideal spiral, each twist of the dough taking you closer to the perfect dessert experience:

  1. Gently lay out the thawed puff pastry sheet on a clean and sugary surface to begin your pastry adventure.
  2. With a brush or even your fingers, apply a light water wash over the puff pastry’s surface – this acts as the glue for your spice.
  3. Now, generously sprinkle cinnamon across the pastry, ensuring a uniform coverage.
  4. Starting from one end, carefully roll the puff pastry into a tight coil, taking care to keep the roll even and compact.
  5. As the pastry takes on a cylindrical shape, ensure you’re pressing slightly to integrate the cinnamon into each potential layer.
  6. Once fully rolled, gently press the seam down to seal the dough, finalizing the spiral structure.

With your cinnamon-laden coil correctly achieved, you’re now on the brink of bringing your rolling puff pastry for elephant ears into its final glorious form. The next phases will guide your pastry from spiral to sensation, ensuring that your flaky elephant ears are the toast of any gathering.

The Key to That Crispiness: Rolling in Sugar

The preservation of the beloved crispy texture in a well-executed flaky elephant ear pastry hinges on a pivotal step—rolling the delicately sliced pieces of dough in a blanket of granulated sugar. This essential action creates a barrier preventing the dough from sticking and initiates the caramelization process. When heated, the granules of sugar meld to form a shimmering, crisp layer that is the hallmark of an impeccably crafted crispy pastry.

Choosing the Right Sugar

Selecting the correct type of sugar can dramatically affect the quality of caramelization and, thus, the final texture of your pastry. Granulated sugar, with its ability to melt and then solidify into a crispy coating, is the ideal candidate for ensuring that your Flaky Elephant Ears achieve that crucial crispiness. However, not all granulated sugars are created equal. A finer grain can provide a more consistent coat, which aids in even caramelization crucial for attaining the characteristic crunch of each bite.

Sugar Distribution for Even Caramelization

Once the perfect sugar is at hand, the distribution becomes a critical aspect of preparation. Spreading an even layer of sugar on the work surface—and on the puff pastry itself—promises a uniform caramelized outcome without patches or underdone areas. An even caramelization is indicative of expert baking and provides a visually appealing and deliciously crisp pastry, a true delight to both the eyes and the palate. Sufficient attention to this seemingly minor detail greatly enhances the sensory enjoyment of the pastry and cements its status as a crispy confectionary delight.

Baking to Perfection: Oven Settings and Timing

The pivotal moment in crafting Flaky Elephant Ears arrives when the shaped dough hits the oven’s warmth. Exceptional results hinge upon the puff pastry baking temperature and the precision of timing. To transform your cinnamon-dusted, sugar-rolled dough into golden-brown treasures of flakiness, preheat your oven to the optimal temperature of 350 degrees Fahrenheit. As the heart of the pastry’s transformation, this targeted temperature is crucial for creating layers that puff up into airy perfection while simultaneously allowing the sugar to caramelize without burning.

Patience and attention to detail play essential roles in this phase. The recommended baking duration is approximately 15 minutes, but keen observation is key. Watch for the telltale signs of readiness: a rich golden hue and edges that hint at a gentle crispness, promising a soul-satisfying crunch. Below is a table detailing the critical baking steps and outcomes expected when adhering to the ideal oven settings for puff pastry:

Step Temperature Time Visual Cues Texture Outcome
Preheat Oven 350°F N/A N/A N/A
Bake Pastry 350°F 15 minutes Golden brown Crisp & Flaky
Final Check Ongoing Varies Even coloration Fully caramelized

Remember, all ovens vary slightly, and factors such as pastry thickness and sugar quantity can affect the exact timing needed to reach that pinnacle of puff pastry greatness. Trust your instincts as much as your timer, and adjust accordingly for that signature crispness that’s the hallmark of a masterfully baked Flaky Elephant Ear.

An additional tip: It’s worth noting that oven racks should be positioned in the middle, providing even heat circulation around the pastries. Circumstantial adjustments like these make all the difference between a good bake and a great one.

Tip: Always allow your oven to reach the desired puff pastry baking temperature before placing your pastries inside. This small step is foundational to achieving uniform heat distribution and consistently excellent results.

puff pastry baking temperature guide

Flaky Elephant Ears

Delve into the quintessence of French baking with a Flaky Elephant Ears recipe that stands as a testament to the finesse of crafting the perfect elephant ears dessert. This treasured pastry holds within its delicate layers the very spirit of France’s culinary heritage, offering both an irresistible taste and an inviting texture.

The Classic Recipe Refined

By honoring the authentic methods and using high-quality ingredients, one can refine and elevate the traditional flaky elephant ears to a level of culinary excellence. The dedication to ingredient integrity ensures each bite is imbued with the proper balance of lush, buttery texture and crisply caramelized sugar.

Ensuring Flakiness in Every Bite

Mastering the flaky texture synonymous with elephant ears pastry demands more than just following a recipe; it requires a nuanced understanding of the delicate interplay between puff pastry and sugar. Through meticulous rolling, folding, and baking, each layer is coaxed into a perfect state of flakiness, cementing the pastry’s reputation as a culinary marvel.

Take pride in each step of the process—from the thawing of the puff pastry to the final golden emergence from the oven. Achieve not just a dessert, but an experience that evokes the warmth of a French bakery right in your own kitchen.

Follow along with the steps outlined in this section to ensure every flaky elephant ear you bake is lauded for its exquisite layers and delectable crunch.

Cooling and Serving: Presentation Tips

After achieving a delightful golden brown in baking, understanding how to serve Flaky Elephant Ears with grace and style is key to complementing their taste and texture. A successful presentation begins with cooling – it’s vital to place the Elephant Ears on a rack to ensure they maintain their signature crisp texture. Cooling also allows the flavors of cinnamon and sugar to fully develop, maturing into the rich taste that Flaky Elephant Ears are famous for.

A visually stunning presentation adds to the enjoyment of these pastries, turning a simple treat into a gourmet experience. Thoughtful arrangement on a serving platter can make your Flaky Elephant Ears look as good as they taste. A dusting of confectioners’ sugar or a drizzle of chocolate can add an extra flair, while ensuring that the elegant layers are visible is a nod to your confectionary skills.

Patience is the secret ingredient that transforms a freshly baked pastry into a divine treat. Allow Flaky Elephant Ears to cool completely for optimum flavor and texture.

Once cooled, the Elephant Ears are ready to be served. There’s an art to knowing exactly when they’ve reached perfection. The ideal Elephant Ear is enjoyed when crisp and room temperature. For those new to pastry-making, here’s a simple yet elegant serving suggestion:

  • Lay the Flaky Elephant Ears out on a clean cooling rack, giving each pastry enough space to allow air to circulate.
  • Wait until they’ve cooled down completely before transferring to a serving dish – this may take about 10 to 15 minutes.
  • Arrange them in a circular pattern on a decorative plate or in a basket lined with a napkin for a rustic charm.
  • Consider adding a dust of cinnamon, a sprinkle of powdered sugar, or even a light drizzle of caramel for a final gourmet touch.
  • Serve with a cup of espresso or a cold glass of milk, perfect for dipping!

By bringing patience and precision to the process of creating and serving Flaky Elephant Ears, you ensure that the final product not only tantalizes the taste buds but also captures the eyes – making for a truly memorable dessert experience.

Pairing Your Elephant Ears: Complementary Beverages

As the final note dissolves from the symphony of flavors offered by the flaky elephant ears, the choice of beverage can elevate the entire pastry experience. Whether concluding a dinner party or enjoying a tranquil moment alone, the right drink pairing can transform this simple pleasure into an exquisite gastronomic event.

After-Dinner Coffee and Tea

Opting for a robust espresso or a full-bodied coffee provides a balanced counterpart to the sweet and crispy texture of elephant ears. The boldness of coffee complements the delicate layers of pastry, each sip cleansing the palate and preparing it for the next bite. For a more mellow accompaniment, a cup of aromatic tea, be it black or herbal, can offer a soothing contrast to the sugar and spice-infused elephant ears, creating a harmonious blend of flavors.

Wine Pairings for a Fancy Touch

Wine enthusiasts can rejoice in the fact that elephant ears pair exceptionally well with certain wines, presenting an opportunity to indulge in a pastry and wine pairing session. A sweet Riesling or a sparkling Moscato can stand up to the sweetness of the sugary pastry, while a glass of dessert wine like a Sauternes adds an opulent flourish to your dessert course. For an unconventional twist, a light-bodied Pinot Noir can offer a delightful connection between the silky texture of the wine and the buttery layers of the pastry.

elephant ears with coffee

Beverage Type Pairing Profile Recommended Choice
Coffee & Espresso Robust, Bold Italian Espresso
Tea Soothing, Aromatic Earl Grey or Chamomile
White Wine Sweet, Sparkling Riesling or Moscato
Dessert Wine Rich, Luxurious Sauternes
Red Wine Light-bodied, Silky Pinot Noir

Incorporating these drink options when serving your elephant ears can enhance not just the flavors but also the overall dining experience. Whether choosing the invigorating embrace of coffee or the refined elegance of wine, each pairing is carefully curated to complement the indulgent delight of this favorite pastry.

Incorporating Variations: Sweet and Savory Twists

True aficionados of Flaky Elephant Ears are no strangers to the versatility of this delightful pastry. Traditional recipes set the foundation for a world of creativity in the kitchen, allowing one to experiment and tailor the experience to individual tastes. Aromatic spices and savory ingredients open up a landscape of variations that can transform these crisp, buttery treats into something uniquely satisfying.

Whether seeking to add a spicy twist or envisioning a savory turn for an appetizer spread, the following adaptations of Flaky Elephant Ears provide a feast for the senses.

  • Sweet Variations: Insert hints of nutmeg or cardamom into your sugar mixture for a spiced version that pairs beautifully with tea or hot cocoa. Vanilla sugar is another sublime option, adding a subtle, fragrant sweetness to the pastry’s crisp layers.
  • Savory Versions: Imagine replacing the sugar coating with finely grated Parmesan and a whisper of rosemary or thyme, creating a savory twist that could become the star of your hors d’oeuvres. Even more, a thin spread of pesto rolled into the layers promises a burst of Italian flavors in every flaky bite.

In the spirit of creativity, here’s an inspirational table that showcases a variety of spices and ingredients to incorporate in your variations of Flaky Elephant Ears, ranging from the subtly sweet to the irresistibly savory options:

Sweet Twist Savory Transformation
Cinnamon & Sugar Parmesan & Pesto
Vanilla Sugar Cheddar & Chives
Nutmeg & Brown Sugar Goat Cheese & Sun-dried Tomato
Cardamom & Honey Drizzle Blue Cheese & Fig Jam
Orange Zest & Chocolate Chips Feta & Spinach

Each twist not only adds a burst of flavor but also invites a convergence of cultures to dance upon the palate. Through this customizable approach to savory pastry options and sweet indulgences, Flaky Elephant Ears continue to charm and adapt, offering a pastry canvas that’s prime for gastronomic exploration.

Storing Leftovers: Keeping Your Pastry Fresh

After indulging in the rich, buttery layers of homemade elephant ears, one may wonder about the best practices for storing homemade elephant ears. To keep these flaky delights tasting just as fresh as when they came out of the oven, proper storage techniques are essential. Not only does appropriate storage extend the life of your pastries, but it also ensures that their texture and flavor remain intact. Below, explore practical solutions for short-term storage and guidelines for freezing and reheating your pastry to retain its savory perfection.

Short Term Storage Solutions

For those moments when you find yourself with more flaky elephant ears than you can immediately enjoy, short-term storage is your answer. The key here is to prevent them from becoming soggy or stale. An effective method is to store them in an airtight container, which will protect the delicate layers from air exposure. Be sure to allow the elephant ears to cool completely before sealing them in the container; any residual heat could create condensation and result in a loss of crispness. When stored at room temperature within an airtight environment, your elephant ears can maintain their desirable texture for up to two days.

Freezing and Reheating Guidelines

To enjoy your elephant ears beyond a couple of days, freezing offers an excellent way to preserve their taste and flaky texture. Wrap each elephant ear individually in plastic wrap tightly, then place them in a zip-top freezer bag or wrap them again in aluminum foil. This double protection method helps protect the pastry from freezer burn and locks in flavor. Reheating pastry that has been frozen is straightforward. For optimal results, thaw your elephant ears at room temperature for about 20 minutes, then reheat them in a preheated 350-degree Fahrenheit oven until they are just warmed through—typically 5 to 7 minutes. This process helps recapture the crispness and warmth, ensuring every reheated bite is as satisfying as the first.

Common Mistakes to Avoid When Making Elephant Ears

When making Flaky Elephant Ears, a dessert celebrated for its crisp texture and light layers, it’s important for aspiring pastry chefs to sidestep a few common baking mistakes. These errors can mean the difference between pastry perfection and a baking blunder. Let’s pinpoint these pitfalls so you can avoid them and ensure that your homemade pastry endeavor results in the coveted light and crispy texture that makes Flaky Elephant Ears so delightful.

One critical step often overlooked is the chilling of the dough before baking. This is not merely a whimsical tip, but rather an essential practice that impacts the end result significantly. Chilling the dough solidifies the butter, which then leads to the quintessential puff when subjected to the oven’s heat. Therefore, always remember to chill the pastry well before you send it off to bake.

Another stumbling block is the temptation to use puff pastry that isn’t all-butter. The allure of all-butter puff pastry isn’t just in the name; this form of puff pastry contains the necessary fats to facilitate proper caramelization and development of the layers that give these pastries their flaky texture. Skimping on this ingredient can result in a lackluster appearance and flavor.

Let’s look at a table detailing some of these common baking mistakes to avoid and the solutions to keep your pastry-making process on track:

Mistake Consequence Solution
Not Chilling Dough Dough may not puff properly, resulting in dense pastries Chill rolled dough before slicing and baking, ideally for 30 minutes
Using Non-Butter Puff Pastry Prevents caramelization and flaky layers Opt for high-quality all-butter puff pastry for best results
Oven Isn’t Preheated Properly Uneven baking and lack of desired puff Always preheat your oven to the right puff pastry baking temperature before baking
Excessive Flour on Work Surface Can result in tough pastries Use sugar instead of flour to roll out your pastry
Touching Hot Sugar with Bare Hands Potential for serious burns Use tools like offset spatulas or tongs to handle the pastries right out of the oven

Attending to the details and avoiding these pitfalls are key when you’re on a quest to create the perfect Flaky Elephant Ears. By respecting the chilling process, choosing the right puff pastry, preheating your oven, and paying careful attention to how you’re handling hot pastries, your results will be as rewarding as the process itself. With these tips in mind, every baking adventure can end in sweet success.

Conclusion

The road to ideal perfect Flaky Elephant Ears may appear intimidating at first glance, yet it is dappled with the assurance of simplicity and the promise of homemade pastry success. Throughout this exploration into French baking artistry, you’ve been equipped with the tools and knowledge crucial for creating this iconic treat. When buttery puff pastry meets the sweet embrace of sugar and a touch of cinnamon, the result is nothing short of enchanting—a testament to the timeless allure of this beloved pastry.

Final Thoughts on Crafting the Perfect Elephant Ear

With passion as your guide and precision as your companion, the ability to master Flaky Elephant Ears lies within reach. This culinary journey transcends mere baking; it is an artistic endeavor that marries tradition with techniques to achieve a flaky, cinnamon-kissed outcome. The golden, layered crispness that emerges from your oven is more than a dessert—it is a narrative of dedication to craft and an ambassador of pure, unadulterated joy.

Invitation to Share and Connect

The art of pastry is a collaborative experience, enriched by each shared story and personal twist to establish traditions. Therefore, bakers everywhere are invited to share their triumphs and tweaks, celebrate their homemade pastry success, and connect with a community bound by the love of flaky confections. Weaving the individual threads of your experiences into the broader tapestry of baking creates a vibrant picture of flavorful creativity that continues to inspire and delight.

FAQ

What are flaky elephant ears?

Flaky elephant ears, also known as palmiers or elephant ear cookies, are a French pastry made from puff pastry coated with cinnamon sugar, rolled into a distinctive spiral shape, and baked until crisp and caramelized.

Can I make flaky elephant ears at home?

Absolutely! Homemade elephant ears can be made with just a few ingredients, including store-bought puff pastry, granulated sugar, and cinnamon. They are easy to prepare and bake, making them perfect for home bakers.

What is the history behind flaky elephant ears?

Flaky elephant ears are part of French Viennoiserie and have been enjoyed for generations. They are often associated with luxury but are simple enough to be a classic after-school treat or an elegant dessert at gatherings.

What ingredients are needed for flaky elephant ears?

The primary ingredients for this dessert are puff pastry, granulated sugar, and cinnamon. Some recipes may add a water wash or include variations with additional spices or savory elements.

How do I thaw puff pastry for flaky elephant ears?

Puff pastry should be thawed according to the package instructions, typically overnight in the refrigerator or for several hours at room temperature, ensuring it is cold yet pliable for easy rolling and shaping.

What is the proper technique for rolling puff pastry to make elephant ears?

To achieve the signature spiral shape, the pastry should be spread with a water wash and sprinkled with cinnamon sugar before rolling it tightly from both ends toward the center, then sliced into individual pieces.

How do I get a crispy texture for my elephant ears?

The key lies in rolling the cut pastry pieces in more sugar before baking. This step ensures an even caramelization and contributes significantly to the flaky, crispy texture of the pastry once baked.

At what temperature should I bake flaky elephant ears?

The puff pastry for elephant ears should be baked at 350 degrees Fahrenheit (approx 180 degrees Celsius) until it achieves a golden-brown color, which typically takes around 15 minutes.

How should I serve flaky elephant ears?

Once cooled on a rack to maintain their crispness, flaky elephant ears can be served as is or paired with beverages like coffee, tea, or even wine for a more sophisticated touch.

Can I store leftover flaky elephant ears?

Yes, leftover elephant ears can be stored in an airtight container at room temperature for up to 2 days or frozen for longer storage. To reheat, simply warm them in the oven to restore their crispiness.

What common mistakes should I avoid when making flaky elephant ears?

Common mistakes include not chilling the dough enough before baking, not using all butter puff pastry, and inadequate sugar coverage, all of which can prevent achieving the desired flakiness and caramelization.

Are there variations to the traditional flaky elephant ears recipe?

Yes, you can add different spices like cardamom or nutmeg for a unique flavor, or create savory versions using ingredients like cheese or herbs. The basic technique remains the same, but the flavor profile can be adjusted to personal taste.

Related Posts